Abstract Strong acids used in industrial applications as cleaning, descaling, among others, can severely damage metallic structures, requiring corrosion inhibitors to diminish or avoid these issues. Since many conventional compounds used for this purpose may result in environmental and human health issues, eco-friendly compounds such as Schiff bases have been recently investigated. The synthesis of three novel Schiff bases (SBs) was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Weight loss measurements were carried out in 1 M HCl over 303K-333K. Furthermore, the combination of these compounds with a surfactant improved the efficiencies, reaching an efficiency of 93%. Optical and scanning electron microscopies confirmed the reduced roughness and pit depths of carbon steel samples. Density-functional theory calculations for neutral forms of SBs revealed that the geometrical and the energetical parameters are similar for the three studied SBs. The geometrical results exhibited more planar structures of protonated species, improving the chemical and physical interactions between aromatic rings and metallic atoms.

Abstract This study investigated the corrosion inhibition of polyeugenol on API P110 in 1 M HCl. Its monomer – eugenol – is obtained from clove and cinnamon, making the oligomer environmentally friendly. The influence of molecular weight and polymerization degree was evaluated by increasing the polymerization initiator/monomer ratio. This enabled the polymerization of three different oligomers (P10, P20 and P30), which were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), and size exclusion chromatography techniques. The inhibition performance of polyeugenol was determined by weight loss (WL) and electrochemical tests to assess the influence of structural differences. WL indicated that the oligomer with the lowest polymerization degree (P10) exhibited greater efficiency (82-84%) due to more uniform surface coverage. Electrochemical tests confirmed polyeugenol as a mixed inhibitor. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) calculations indicated the presence of an organic layer covering the steel surface.

Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in women and the accuracy of currently available risk scores is questionable. Objective To reclassify the risk estimated by the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) in asymptomatic middle-aged women by incorporating family history, exercise testing variables, and subclinical atherosclerosis markers. Methods This cross-sectional study included 509 women (age range, 46-65 years) without cardiovascular symptoms. Those at low or intermediate risk by the FRS were reclassified to a higher level considering premature family history of acute myocardial infarction and/or sudden death; four variables from exercise testing; and two variables related to subclinical atherosclerosis markers. The homogeneity of these variables according to the FRS was verified by Pearson chi-square test (p<0.05). Results According to the FRS, 80.2%, 6.2%, and 13.6% of the women were classified as low (<5%), intermediate (5-10%), and high (>10%) risks, respectively. The intermediate-risk stratum showed the highest increase (from 6.2% to 33.3%) with addition of family history; followed by addition of chronotropic index <80% (to 24.2%); functional capacity <85% (22.2%), coronary calcium score >0 (20.6%); decreased one-minute heart rate recovery ≤12 bpm (15.2%); carotid intima-media thickness >1 mm and/or carotid plaque (13.8%) and ST-segment depression (9.0%). The high-risk stratum increased to 14.4% with the addition of reduced heart rate recovery and to 17.1% with the coronary calcium score. Conclusion Incorporation of premature family history of cardiovascular events, exercise testing abnormal parameters, and subclinical atherosclerosis markers into the FRS led to risk reclassification in 3.0-29.7% of asymptomatic middle-aged women, mainly by an increase from low to intermediate risk.

Resumo No Brasil, a distribuição das unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica (UTIP), causas de admissão, custos despendidos e forma como se presta a assistência ainda são pouco conhecidos. Com o objetivo de descrever o perfil das internações por faixa etária em UTIP do SUS de Pernambuco, em 2010, realizou-se um estudo transversal, com o universo das 1.915 internações nas seis UTIP do estado, captadas no Sistema de Informação Hospitalar. As variáveis foram comparadas por faixa etária. Predominaram internações no sexo masculino (58,1%), na faixa etária de um a quatro anos (32,5%), unidades filantrópicas (64,1%), UTIP tipo III (59,2%) e por neoplasias (28,9%). A permanência média foi de 14,4 dias e o custo médio de R$ 6.674,80. A distância média entre o município de residência e o da UTIP variou de 8,7 a 486,5 km. Ocorreram 207 óbitos (10,8/100 internações), 30% por doenças infectoparasitárias. Identificaram-se diferenças entre as faixas etárias (p < 0,05), exceto quanto ao sexo. Concluindo, em Pernambuco, as internações em UTIP apresentam diferenças no acesso geográfico e nas características sociodemográficas, da admissão e causas de internação e óbito entre faixas etárias.

Abstract In Brazil, the distribution of pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), causes of admission, costs incurred and how care is provided are still poorly understood. The objective was to describe the profile of hospitalizations in the PICUs of the Brazilian Unified Health System in the state of Pernambuco, in 2010. A cross-sectional study was performed, with 1,915 hospitalizations in the six PICUs, collected in the Hospital Information System. The variables were compared by age group. There was a predominance of male hospitalizations (58.1%), an age range of between one and four years old (32.5%), the use of philanthropic units (64.1%) and type III PICUs (59.2%) and admissions due to neoplasms (28.9%). The mean hospital stay was 14.4 days, and the mean cost was BRL 6,674.80. The mean distance between the municipality of residence and the PICU ranged from 8.7 to 486.5 km. There were 207 deaths (10.8/100 admissions), of which 30% were due to infectious and parasitic diseases. Differences were identified between the age groups (p < 0.05), except regarding gender. In conclusion, admissions to PICUs in Pernambuco show differences in geographical access and sociodemographic characteristics, admissions, and causes of hospitalization and death among age groups.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of exercise testing alterations in middle-aged women without symptoms of heart disease and to verify the associations of functional capacity and heart rate behavior during and after exercise with cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 509 asymptomatic women aged between 46 and 65 years who underwent clinical evaluations and exercise testing (Bruce protocol). The heart rate behavior was evaluated by the maximal predicted heart rate achieved, chronotropic index and recovery heart rate. RESULTS: The mean age was 56.4±4.8 years, and 13.4% of the patients had a Framingham risk score above 10%. In the exercise treadmill testing, 58.0% presented one or more of the following alterations (listed in order of ascending prevalence): symptoms (angina, dyspnea, and dizziness), ST-segment depression, arrhythmia, reduction in recovery heart rate of ≤12 bpm at 1 minute, altered maximal predicted heart rate achieved, abnormal blood pressure, functional capacity deficiency, and altered chronotropic index. In the multivariate analysis, the following associations (odds ratio) were observed for these alterations: chronotropic index was associated with obesity (2.08) and smoking (4.47); maximal predicted heart rate achieved was associated with smoking (6.45); reduction in the recovery heart rate at 1 minute was associated with age (1.09) and obesity (2.78); functional capacity was associated with age (0.92), an overweight status (2.29) and obesity (6.51). CONCLUSIONS: More than half of middle-aged women without cardiovascular symptoms present alterations in one or more exercise testing parameters. Alterations in the functional capacity or heart rate behavior, as verified by exercise testing, are associated with age, smoking, an overweight status and obesity.

Resumo No Brasil, a distribuição das unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica (UTIP), causas de admissão, custos despendidos e forma como se presta a assistência ainda são pouco conhecidos. Com o objetivo de descrever o perfil das internações por faixa etária em UTIP do SUS de Pernambuco, em 2010, realizou-se um estudo transversal, com o universo das 1.915 internações nas seis UTIP do estado, captadas no Sistema de Informação Hospitalar. As variáveis foram comparadas por faixa etária. Predominaram internações no sexo masculino (58,1%), na faixa etária de um a quatro anos (32,5%), unidades filantrópicas (64,1%), UTIP tipo III (59,2%) e por neoplasias (28,9%). A permanência média foi de 14,4 dias e o custo médio de R$ 6.674,80. A distância média entre o município de residência e o da UTIP variou de 8,7 a 486,5 km. Ocorreram 207 óbitos (10,8/100 internações), 30% por doenças infectoparasitárias. Identificaram-se diferenças entre as faixas etárias (p < 0,05), exceto quanto ao sexo. Concluindo, em Pernambuco, as internações em UTIP apresentam diferenças no acesso geográfico e nas características sociodemográficas, da admissão e causas de internação e óbito entre faixas etárias.

Abstract In Brazil, the distribution of pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), causes of admission, costs incurred and how care is provided are still poorly understood. The objective was to describe the profile of hospitalizations in the PICUs of the Brazilian Unified Health System in the state of Pernambuco, in 2010. A cross-sectional study was performed, with 1,915 hospitalizations in the six PICUs, collected in the Hospital Information System. The variables were compared by age group. There was a predominance of male hospitalizations (58.1%), an age range of between one and four years old (32.5%), the use of philanthropic units (64.1%) and type III PICUs (59.2%) and admissions due to neoplasms (28.9%). The mean hospital stay was 14.4 days, and the mean cost was BRL 6,674.80. The mean distance between the municipality of residence and the PICU ranged from 8.7 to 486.5 km. There were 207 deaths (10.8/100 admissions), of which 30% were due to infectious and parasitic diseases. Differences were identified between the age groups (p < 0.05), except regarding gender. In conclusion, admissions to PICUs in Pernambuco show differences in geographical access and sociodemographic characteristics, admissions, and causes of hospitalization and death among age groups.

Resumo Avaliou-se a adequação da investigação do óbito infantil no Recife-PE, Brasil. Estudo transversal com 120 variáveis da ficha de investigação, agrupadas em seis dimensões (pré-natal; parto e nascimento; puericultura; características da família; ocorrência do óbito; e conclusão e recomendações), ponderadas pela técnica de consenso e analisadas quanto ao preenchimento. A investigação foi classificada (adequada, parcialmente adequada e inadequada) segundo um indicador composto de avaliação (ICA). Houve dissenso em 11 variáveis (9, na dimensão pré-natal; 1, no parto e nascimento; 1, na conclusões e recomendações). Dos 568 óbitos estudados, 56,2% apresentam investigação adequada. A ocorrência do óbito foi a dimensão melhor avaliada, e pré-natal, a mais deficiente. A elaboração do ICA possibilita aos profissionais e gestores das políticas de saúde da criança, identificar os pontos de estrangulamento da investigação dos óbitos infantis para um melhor direcionamento das ações e contribui com a reflexão sobre esta vigilância em outros municípios e estados.

Abstract This study is an evaluation of infant death research in Recife, Pernambuco (PE). It is a cross-sectional study with 120 variables grouped into six dimensions (prenatal, birth, child care, family characteristics, occurrence of death, and conclusion and recommendations), weighted by consensus technique. The research was classifiedas adequate, partially adequate or inadequate according to a composite indicator assessment (ICA). There was dissension on 11 variables (9 in prenatal dimension, one in labor and birth, and 1 in the conclusions and recommendations). Of the 568 deaths studied, 56.2% have adequate research. The occurrence of death was the best-evaluated dimension and prenatal the poorest. The preparation of the ICA enables professionals and managers of child health policies to identify bottlenecks in the investigation of infant deaths for better targeting of actions, and contributing to the discussion about surveillance in other cities and states.

Resumo Avaliou-se a adequação da investigação do óbito infantil no Recife-PE, Brasil. Estudo transversal com 120 variáveis da ficha de investigação, agrupadas em seis dimensões (pré-natal; parto e nascimento; puericultura; características da família; ocorrência do óbito; e conclusão e recomendações), ponderadas pela técnica de consenso e analisadas quanto ao preenchimento. A investigação foi classificada (adequada, parcialmente adequada e inadequada) segundo um indicador composto de avaliação (ICA). Houve dissenso em 11 variáveis (9, na dimensão pré-natal; 1, no parto e nascimento; 1, na conclusões e recomendações). Dos 568 óbitos estudados, 56,2% apresentam investigação adequada. A ocorrência do óbito foi a dimensão melhor avaliada, e pré-natal, a mais deficiente. A elaboração do ICA possibilita aos profissionais e gestores das políticas de saúde da criança, identificar os pontos de estrangulamento da investigação dos óbitos infantis para um melhor direcionamento das ações e contribui com a reflexão sobre esta vigilância em outros municípios e estados.

Abstract This study is an evaluation of infant death research in Recife, Pernambuco (PE). It is a cross-sectional study with 120 variables grouped into six dimensions (prenatal, birth, child care, family characteristics, occurrence of death, and conclusion and recommendations), weighted by consensus technique. The research was classifiedas adequate, partially adequate or inadequate according to a composite indicator assessment (ICA). There was dissension on 11 variables (9 in prenatal dimension, one in labor and birth, and 1 in the conclusions and recommendations). Of the 568 deaths studied, 56.2% have adequate research. The occurrence of death was the best-evaluated dimension and prenatal the poorest. The preparation of the ICA enables professionals and managers of child health policies to identify bottlenecks in the investigation of infant deaths for better targeting of actions, and contributing to the discussion about surveillance in other cities and states.

Resumo OBJETIVO: relatar a experiência da vigilância do óbito infantil (VOI) na cidade do Recife-PE, Brasil. MÉTODOS: realizou-se pesquisa documental e consulta a informantes-chave, participantes do processo de implantação e consolidação da VOI; para mensuração da cobertura dos óbitos investigados, utilizaram-se dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e das planilhas de monitoramento dessa estratégia. RESULTADOS: a implantação da VOI, gradual, iniciou-se em 2003; a estratégia constitui-se dos componentes (i) identificação dos óbitos, (ii) investigação, (iii) discussão, (iv) recomendações e correção das estatísticas vitais; concluída a implantação (2006), 98,5% (256) dos óbitos haviam sido investigados e discutidos, com participação dos envolvidos na atenção aos casos; em 2015, essa cobertura correspondeu a 97,7%. CONCLUSÃO: as principais recomendações consistiram na ampliação do acesso e cobertura, e melhoria da qualidade da atenção primária, secundária e terciária; a VOI pode subsidiar mudanças nas práticas assistenciais, planejamento e organização da rede de atenção materno-infantil.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: to report the experience on infant mortality surveillance (IMS) in the municipality of Recife-PE, Brazil. METHODS: a documentary research and a query with key-informants who participated in the implementation and consolidation of the IMS were conducted; data of the Mortality Information System (SIM) and of the surveillance worksheets were used to measure the coverage of the investigated deaths. RESULTS: the implementation of the IMS has occurred gradually since 2003; the strategy is composed by (i) identification of deaths, (ii) investigation, (iii) discussion, (iv) recommendations and correction of vital statistics; upon completion of implementation (2006), 98.5% (256) of the deaths had been investigated and discussed, with the participation of those involved in the cases; in 2015, this coverage corresponded to 97.7%. CONCLUSION: the main recommendations consisted of expanding the access, coverage and improvement of primary, secondary and tertiary care quality; IMS is able to support changes in health care practices, as well as planning and organization of maternal and child care.

Resumen OBJETIVO: describir la experiencia de vigilancia de mortalidad infantil (VOI) en la ciudad de Recife-PE, Brasil. MÉTODOS: se realizó una investigación documental y consulta a informantes-clave que participaron en el proceso de implantación y consolidación de esta vigilancia; para medir la cobertura de las muertes investigadas, utilizamos datos del Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad (SIM) y de las planillas de monitoreo de esta estrategia. RESULTADOS: la implantación de la VOI se produjo gradualmente a partir de 2003, constituida por los componentes (i) identificación de muertes, (ii) investigación, (iii) discusión, (iv) recomendaciones y corrección de las estadísticas vitales; concluyendo la implantación (2006), se investigó y discutió 98,5% (256) de las muertes, con la participación de los implicados en la atención al caso; en 2015, esta cobertura correspondía al 97,7%. CONCLUSIÓN: las principales recomendaciones consistieron en la ampliación de acceso y cobertura y mejoría de la calidad de atención primaria, secundaria y terciaria; la VOI puede subvencionar cambios en las prácticas asistenciales, planificación y organización de la red de atención materno-infantil.

Resumo OBJETIVO: relatar a experiência da vigilância do óbito infantil (VOI) na cidade do Recife-PE, Brasil. MÉTODOS: realizou-se pesquisa documental e consulta a informantes-chave, participantes do processo de implantação e consolidação da VOI; para mensuração da cobertura dos óbitos investigados, utilizaram-se dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e das planilhas de monitoramento dessa estratégia. RESULTADOS: a implantação da VOI, gradual, iniciou-se em 2003; a estratégia constitui-se dos componentes (i) identificação dos óbitos, (ii) investigação, (iii) discussão, (iv) recomendações e correção das estatísticas vitais; concluída a implantação (2006), 98,5% (256) dos óbitos haviam sido investigados e discutidos, com participação dos envolvidos na atenção aos casos; em 2015, essa cobertura correspondeu a 97,7%. CONCLUSÃO: as principais recomendações consistiram na ampliação do acesso e cobertura, e melhoria da qualidade da atenção primária, secundária e terciária; a VOI pode subsidiar mudanças nas práticas assistenciais, planejamento e organização da rede de atenção materno-infantil.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: to report the experience on infant mortality surveillance (IMS) in the municipality of Recife-PE, Brazil. METHODS: a documentary research and a query with key-informants who participated in the implementation and consolidation of the IMS were conducted; data of the Mortality Information System (SIM) and of the surveillance worksheets were used to measure the coverage of the investigated deaths. RESULTS: the implementation of the IMS has occurred gradually since 2003; the strategy is composed by (i) identification of deaths, (ii) investigation, (iii) discussion, (iv) recommendations and correction of vital statistics; upon completion of implementation (2006), 98.5% (256) of the deaths had been investigated and discussed, with the participation of those involved in the cases; in 2015, this coverage corresponded to 97.7%. CONCLUSION: the main recommendations consisted of expanding the access, coverage and improvement of primary, secondary and tertiary care quality; IMS is able to support changes in health care practices, as well as planning and organization of maternal and child care.

Resumen OBJETIVO: describir la experiencia de vigilancia de mortalidad infantil (VOI) en la ciudad de Recife-PE, Brasil. MÉTODOS: se realizó una investigación documental y consulta a informantes-clave que participaron en el proceso de implantación y consolidación de esta vigilancia; para medir la cobertura de las muertes investigadas, utilizamos datos del Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad (SIM) y de las planillas de monitoreo de esta estrategia. RESULTADOS: la implantación de la VOI se produjo gradualmente a partir de 2003, constituida por los componentes (i) identificación de muertes, (ii) investigación, (iii) discusión, (iv) recomendaciones y corrección de las estadísticas vitales; concluyendo la implantación (2006), se investigó y discutió 98,5% (256) de las muertes, con la participación de los implicados en la atención al caso; en 2015, esta cobertura correspondía al 97,7%. CONCLUSIÓN: las principales recomendaciones consistieron en la ampliación de acceso y cobertura y mejoría de la calidad de atención primaria, secundaria y terciaria; la VOI puede subvencionar cambios en las prácticas asistenciales, planificación y organización de la red de atención materno-infantil.

Abstract Objective To analyze the temporal trend in infant mortality in the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco, Brazil and evaluate the contribution of death surveillance as an instrument for improving vital statistics and action planning. Methods Infant, neonatal, and post-neonatal mortality rates were calculated from 1980 to 2012. An exponential regression model was used for trend analysis. A study on the variables, the basic and associated causes of death certificates, and avoidability was conducted to evaluate the contribution of infant death surveillance. Results The trend in infant mortality rate and its age components was shown to be decreasing. After research on infant death surveillance, no death certificate variable remained incomplete, and the underlying cause of death was better determined in 52% of deaths. Almost 80% of deaths were classified as preventable, and 51.3% were classified as reducible by appropriate care provided to women during their pregnancy. Conclusion Infant mortality presented a decreasing trend, and infant death surveillance contributed to improve vital statistics, which are essential for maternal-infant health planning actions.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a tendência temporal da mortalidade infantil na cidade de Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil e avaliar a contribuição da vigilância do óbito como instrumento para aprimoramento das estatísticas vitais e planejamento de ações. Métodos Foram calculados os coeficientes de mortalidade infantil, neonatal e pós-neonatal para o período de 1980 a 2012. Utilizou-se o modelo de regressão exponencial para análise da tendência. Para avaliar a contribuição da vigilância do óbito infantil foi realizado um estudo sobre as variáveis, causas básicas e associadas da Declaração de Óbito, e da evitabilidade. Resultados A tendência do coeficiente de mortalidade infantil e seus componentes etários foram decrescentes. Após a investigação da vigilância do óbito infantil nenhuma variável da Declaração de Óbito ficou incompleta e, em 52% dos óbitos, a causa básica foi melhor definida. Quase 80% dos óbitos foram classificados como evitáveis e 51,3% reduzíveis por adequada atenção à mulher na gestação. Conclusão A mortalidade infantil apresentou tendência decrescente e a vigilância do óbito infantil contribuiu para aprimorar as estatísticas vitais, fundamental para o planejamento das ações de saúde materno-infantil.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a tendência temporal da mortalidade infantil na cidade de Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil e avaliar a contribuição da vigilância do óbito como instrumento para aprimoramento das estatísticas vitais e planejamento de ações. Métodos Foram calculados os coeficientes de mortalidade infantil, neonatal e pós-neonatal para o período de 1980 a 2012. Utilizou-se o modelo de regressão exponencial para análise da tendência. Para avaliar a contribuição da vigilância do óbito infantil foi realizado um estudo sobre as variáveis, causas básicas e associadas da Declaração de Óbito, e da evitabilidade. Resultados A tendência do coeficiente de mortalidade infantil e seus componentes etários foram decrescentes. Após a investigação da vigilância do óbito infantil nenhuma variável da Declaração de Óbito ficou incompleta e, em 52% dos óbitos, a causa básica foi melhor definida. Quase 80% dos óbitos foram classificados como evitáveis e 51,3% reduzíveis por adequada atenção à mulher na gestação. Conclusão A mortalidade infantil apresentou tendência decrescente e a vigilância do óbito infantil contribuiu para aprimorar as estatísticas vitais, fundamental para o planejamento das ações de saúde materno-infantil.

Abstract Objective To analyze the temporal trend in infant mortality in the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco, Brazil and evaluate the contribution of death surveillance as an instrument for improving vital statistics and action planning. Methods Infant, neonatal, and post-neonatal mortality rates were calculated from 1980 to 2012. An exponential regression model was used for trend analysis. A study on the variables, the basic and associated causes of death certificates, and avoidability was conducted to evaluate the contribution of infant death surveillance. Results The trend in infant mortality rate and its age components was shown to be decreasing. After research on infant death surveillance, no death certificate variable remained incomplete, and the underlying cause of death was better determined in 52% of deaths. Almost 80% of deaths were classified as preventable, and 51.3% were classified as reducible by appropriate care provided to women during their pregnancy. Conclusion Infant mortality presented a decreasing trend, and infant death surveillance contributed to improve vital statistics, which are essential for maternal-infant health planning actions.